Investigating Osmosis :: Papers

Investigating Osmosis Aim To find out how osmosis affects the mass of a chip through different sugar solutions. Apparatus Petri dishes (6) Chips Ruler Thermometer 30 cm3 Solutions (6) DI, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1M Measuring Cylinder Knife Weighing scales Definition Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water molecules to a lower concentration of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. Prelims Before doing this practical, I did a preliminary experiment. This was to help with my prediction and also to improve my main practical. This experiment was quick. It was just the same as the actual practical but it helped me to change certain things. I recorded 3 different changes in mass of the chips in each of the solutions at different times. DI 0.2 m 0.4 m 0.6 m 0.8 m 1m 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 1 hour 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 4cm 1 1/2 hours 4.1cm 4cm 4cm 3.8cm 3.8cm 3.6cm 2 hours 4 cm 3.9cm 3.5cm 3.6cm 3.4cm 3.2cm I’ve now decided to weigh the chips at the start and finish. This is to get more accurate readings. It will be easier to spot any anomalous results if one chip is compared to two others. I have decided to leave the chips in the solution for a longer period of time (overnight) I found that the longer I left the chips in the solution the more the mass changed. I did this to get more accurate results. Variables The only thing verifying in this experiment is going to be the concentration of the sugar in each of the solutions in the 6 different

What Is the Bystander Effect

Rebecca Aspinwall Professor Patrick Shal 11/05/2012 What is The Bystander Effect? Dr's John M Darley and Bibb Latane are both professors of psychology. Even though they have not attended or worked at the same university, their credibility is equally the same. Their award-winning research was gathered to complete their essay â€Å"Why Don't People Help in a Crisis,† they suggest the probability of a bystander helping is correlated to the number of bystanders present. Next Darley and Latane state that, â€Å"there are three things a bystander must do to intervene in an emergency. First the bystander must be aware of the situation, second the bystander has to establish if the situation is an emergency, and then third they have to decide if it is their duty to intervene and help the person in need (141). Darley and Latane have done an exceptional job on informing the reader, however, their research fails to take into account outside variables which may call into question the vali dity of their research. The language used in this essay by Darley and Latane â€Å"Why Don’t People Help in a Crisis† is emotional to say the least.One of the examples used to inform their readers of the bystanders actions demonstrates their use of emotional appeal with language. Making the subjects relive others horrific situations, the authors are able to portray in an emotionally packed explanation of what happened to the victim in each narrative. For example the first victim they mention, is Kitty Genovese, who was murdered in her home in Kew Gardens, New York. Thirty eight of her neighbors watched her die without helping or even calling nine-one-one (140).This emotional technique is effective, because the initial impact of this heinous act grabs the reader’s attention heightening their arousal. The residual effects are intended to make the reader feel sympathy for the victim. Thus taking a more shock and awe approach the authors use emotional language to en gage the reader into the topic. The intended audience is students and professors of psychology, which would constitute an audience whom is well educated with specific psychology erminology and references like â€Å"Apathy† and â€Å"Indifference†, however, the language betrays this notion of a specific audience since it is fairly easily understood among the general population. The authors involve simple phrases like â€Å"lose your cool† or â€Å"sleeping of a drunk† to make the article easy to follow (142). Therefore the author’s intended audience was a highly educated group of the population, however, it was written with the intent to intrigue the general public.Using an ethical approach the authors make the reader self reflect upon their own moral judgment. The authors asked ethical questions that forces the reader to become personally related to the topic, Questions such as â€Å"How can so many people watch another human being in distress and do nothing? ‘ Why don't they help? ‘ We needn't feel guilty, or re-examine ourselves or anything like that. Or should we? † (141). The authors use of moral questions brings the reader to very front line of the topic ethically and has without a doubt a very effective result.The reader is not able to remain an objective party but becomes subjective to the point where they begin to question whether or not they themselves would have the same reactions as the bystanders in the examples or if they would help in an emergency? This moral examination is a good strategy for persuasion, because it engages the reader to become subjective. The authors do a wonderful job in appealing to emotion, by using individual stories of tragic events instead of multiple stories. The authors persuades their readers by giving a face to the victims.As a result the reader becomes emotionally involved in the article and is just what the authors intended to capture their audiences attention. An other persuading technique is the appeal to logic because of the use of inductive reasoning in gathering evidence . The authors experiment with test subjects to find answers as to why bystanders don't help in an emergency? They've drawn a conclusion, from the experiments of the bystanders actions which depends on the number of people around at that time. If the bystander was in a large crowded area the probability of helping a victim in need is slim.But if the bystander is alone than the odds of helping the victim is greater (141). The authors begins the essay with a specific case using Kitty Genovese as an example and then states another specific case with Andrew Mormille (140). Next the authors draws hasty generalizations to conclude that bystanders don't help if they are surrounded by others. Darley and Latane use a sufficient amount of reliable evidence when they use their experiments as a way to explain their theory. Darley and Latane do not give any other information about the experiments, other than stating that there was â€Å"72 college students† (143).But the authors do give information about the test results. One of the experiments used in the essay was completed with 40 people who were paid two dollars each to participate in the research. First the authors used an attractive young woman to lead the test subjects into a room. Then separated them so that the test subjects were alone and had a divider wall between them and the young woman. Next the woman pretends to have an accident and called out for help, seventy percent of the subjects who were alone offered their help .The next experiment they tried was to see if the subjects would offer help if they were paired up with other subjects and the results were drastically different â€Å"8 out of 40† subjects â€Å"offered to help. † and â€Å"the other 32 remained unresponsive† (143). The experiment used in this statement was used in an ethical appeal because most individua ls would like to assume that they would help in a situation like the one mentioned, but given the results the individuals would mostly agree with the authors. The authors don’t give much attention to the possibility to variables that may have changed the dynamics of their research.An example of one of these variables is location. In our popular culture today, people are more susceptible to believe the validity of the research if the location is taken into effect. The bystanders in New York may be different then the bystanders in Minnesota and vice versa. Another example of a variable that could have an effect on the responses of bystanders could be group dynamics such as age, socio-economic status, and many more. Another effective suggestion is if the authors gave the readers examples of ways to improve their behaviors o help people in need instead of stating that bystanders have an â€Å"apparent indifference of others. † and also stating that â€Å"We can choose to see distress and step forward to relive it† (145). This statement would have been more believable if the authors showed examples how to step forward and change the behaviors of not helping. Overall, the authors have done an effective job informing there readers about the probability of a crowded bystander not helping someone in need. The authors used the emotional appeal to capture their readers attention, and used their logical reasoning to convince their readers.This informational essay was published in Arguing Across the Disciplines: A Rhetoric and Reader, because of the eye opening reactions intended for the readers. But the authors don't pay any attention to the variables used in the experiments. For example the location, age and race of the subjects could have made a huge difference in the results. Work Cited Darley, John M. , and Bibb Latane. â€Å"Why People Dont Help in a Crisis. † Arguing Across the disciplines: A Rhetoric and Reader. Ed. Stuart Hirschberg and Terry Hirschberg. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 140-45. Print

The Financial Crisis Of 2007 - 1510 Words

3.1 Background information In the words of Goodhart (2008), â€Å"the banking crisis of 2007 was seen in advance† (Goodhart, 2008). This is a result of many different factors. To begin with, between 2001 and 2005, there were very low interest rates, particularly in China due to the Asian crisis of the late 1990s. Because of this financial crisis, many people across Asia were saving instead of investing their money. In order to encourage people to invest in the economy, the interest rates had to plummet to make spending more affordable. Economies exist by trading with one another and if one economy isn t doing so well, this effects economies worldwide and the USA began to worry about price deflation. During this period, developed countries†¦show more content†¦Professionals say the short-term rates were too low, pulling longer-term mortgage rates down with them, Federals blame the savings glut in China. Putting aside who is to blame, the fact remains that low interest rates were incentives for b anks and hedge funds to seek riskier assets that offered higher returns. As a result of the lower interest rates in America, the house market turned and pooling and financial engineering backfired. This caused mortgage-backed securities to slump in value and as a result, it became difficult to sell assets at any price or use them for short-term funding (The Economist, 2013). 3.3 Impact on Northern Rock Northern Rock used the prioritisation of mortgages to make a profit. January 2007 saw a  £627m profit (The Economist, 2007) and they quickly grew to own nearly 19% of the British mortgage market (Reed, 2007), however their heavy reliance on wholesale funding made them vulnerable and the increased interest rates led to a slip in share prices. Knowing this, Northern Rock still increased the dividend to its shareholders, although they were running dangerously low on cash. This meant that they were promising returns that they didn t have the money to pay out. The directors of Northern Rock approached the Bank of England who said it would be better to put the business up for sale, however, there were no investors to buy it so the Central Bank had to offer emergency